Compiler(1)

第一章

Programming languages are notations for describing computations to people

and to machines.

It first must be translated into a form in which it can be executed by a computer.

The software systems that do this translation are called compilers.

a compiler is a program that can read a program in one lan­

guage - the source language - and translate it into an equivalent program in

another language - the target language.

f we open up this box

a little, we see that there are two parts to this mapping: analysis and synthesis .The analysis part

is often called the front end of the compiler; the synthesis part is the back end. 

OpenCL筆記

OpenCL主要分成四個部份

Platform model -- device 和 host

Execution model -- kernel如何在device上執行

Memory model -- abstract memory hierarchy

Programming model -- 定義concurrency model如何map 到physical hardware


(1) Initialize platforms

clGetPlatformIDs(...,...,...);

(2)Initialize devices

clGetDeviceIDs(...,...,...,...,...);

(3) Create a context

clCreateContext(...,...,...,...,...,...,...);

(4) Create a command queue

clCreateCommandQueue(...);

(5) Create device buffers

clCreateBuffer(...);

(6) Write host data to device buffers

clEnqueueWriteBuffer(...);

(7) Create and compile the program

clCreateProgramWithSource(...);

clBuildProgram(...);

(8) Create the kernel

clCreateKernel(...);

(9) Set kernel arguments

clSetKernelArg(...);

(10) Configure the work-item structure

size_t globalWorkSize[1];

globalWorkSize[0]=2048;

(11) Enqueue the kernel for execution

clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(...);

(12) Read output results to host

clEnqueueReadBuffer(...);

(13) Release OpenCL Resources

clRealeaseKernel(...);
clRealeaseProgram(...);
...

物件導向(1)

#include <stdio.h> → include interface ↔ 沒有include implementation

int main()

{

printf(“Hello World!\n”); → 第一個引數format string

return 0;

}

preprocessing(macro) → compiling → linking (才需要知道implementation 函式庫)

static dynamic

posix (portable operation system interface)

包含各種platform的實作

#include <stdio.h>

int stk[100]; → scope的問題 加上static解決問題

int sp = -1;

void push(int x) → 兩個stack 的問題　float double型別的stack問題

{　　　　　　　　　　　　沒有encapsulation的問題

stk[++sp]=x;

}

int pop()

{

return stk[sp--];

}

ADT(Abstract Data Type)= Data + Operators(用來manipulate Data操作)

C++克服Ｃ的地方

encapsulation

inheritance(reuse)

polymorphism(switch)

資料庫(3)

DB2 & SQL

每種query language 都有DDL and DML

a base table is “real” table實體存在

a view is a “virtual” table

OpenCL(1) vector add

//vector add 副程式  類似glsl中 fragment shader 和vertex shader呼叫方式


const char* programSource =
"__kernel                 \n"
"void vecadd(__global int *A,\n"
"            __global int *B,\n"
"            __global int *C) \n"
"{\n"

"   // Get the work-item unique ID                \n"
"   int idx = get_global_id(0);                   \n"
"\n"
"   // Add the corresponding locations of        \n"
"   // 'A' and 'B', and store the result in 'C'. \n"
"   C[idx] = A[idx] + B[idx];\n"
"}\n"
;

main主程式
...
kernel = clCreateKernel(program, "vecadd", &status);    //inline 方式call vecadd

...


Compile方法

g++ vectoradd.c -I/usr/local/cuda-5.0/include -L/usr/local/cuda-5.0/lib64 -lOpenCL

資料庫(2)

第二章 Data Model

Data Model:A set of concepts to describe the structure of a database, and certain constraints that the database should obey.

Components of Data Model

1.Structures

2.Operations

3.Integrity Constraints

Data Model為了將資料抽象化,將storage detail隱藏

Relational Data Model

Hierarchical Data Model

Network Data Model

Primary Key:滿足uniqueness和minimality的candidate key

Foreign key:a foreign key is an attribute of relation R2 whose values are refer to the primary key of some relation R1.

資料庫(1)

第一章 Why using a DB?
Database System:DBMS+data
一個資料庫就是一群有關系的資料所成的集合

Operations on a DB
1.add/remove files
2.insert/delete/update data in existing files
3.retrieve data 最常用read-only (select)

field(attribute) → record(tuple) → file

一個資料庫系統能提供資料分享,整合,一致性,標準化,安全限制及避免重複資料的儲存

(ADV.)
1.Redundancy
2.Inconsistency(Avoided)
3.Shared
4.Standards
5.Security restrictions
6.Integrity
7.Conflicting requirements
8.Data Independence

an architecture for a DB
Three layers:Internal, Conceptual, External → 資料庫有三層

Internal schema → storage structures and access paths
Conceptual schema → structure and constraints
External schema → user views

1.Logical Data Independence
2.Physical data Independence
3.Mapping

Data Definition Language(DDL):Used by the DBA and database designer to specify the conceptual schema of a database.
Data Manipulation Language(DML):Used to specify database retrievals and updates.
DML commands(data sub-language)

Objects of Database Design
1.easy to use
2.easy to maintain
3.cost effective

安裝cuda 5.0 on Ubuntu 12.04

sudo ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libglut.so /usr/lib/libglut.so

 sudo ./cuda_5.0.35_linux_64_ubuntu11.10-1.run

export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda/bin:/usr/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda/lib:/usr/local/cuda/lib64:/lib